Monday 5 May 2014

Essay Plan

To what extent does digital distribution affect the marketing and consumption of media products in the music industry?

Digital distribution has changed the way music is viewed and shared. Now more and more artists can share their music online for free with the help of internet sites such as YouTube and SoundCloud. This has lead to a rise in prosumers who have taken advantage of the now easy way to produce music. They follow the likes of Madeon and Beck, who produce, distribute and exchange their music by using horizontal integration.  Producing music is now made easier as people can gather other peoples ideas and music to create their own piece of music. This means that artists no longer have to go to a record label and pay money for their music to be distribute, as they can distribute the music by themselves online. With music exchange, artists can share their music online in exchange for likes and views which gains them more popularity as an artist and gets them out there. With some artists, this gains them a chance to be signed to a record label, for example Madeon is signed to Sony Record Label and now everytime he uses their old songs, by back-tracking, he gains money, which he didn't gain before just as a prosumer. Many artists that distribute their music on YouTube and other sites, gain a chance to be signed to a record label, this shows how exchange for online artists is so important because it helps to promote their music. Digital distribution also makes it easier for independent artists, specifically because they don't have a major record label to promote their music for them. With the promotion of music easier, artists can then get more gigs, and most independent artists play for free because this helps to promote their music and more people will listen and buy their albums in the long run. 

Marketing has changed from digital distribution as now music is marketed online rather than just in newspapers and music stores. For example, iTunes promotes their artists music with banners, pre-orders and reviews. Another example would be YouTube where music videos can help to promote their music and wider their market. This gets consumers aware of their music and possibly leads them to view other music produced. Marketing their music online helps to save costs which can be spent producing more music. However, digital distribution makes it easier for people to pirate other people's music and use it as their own. Also, even though digital marketing is becoming more apparent, not everyone will see the music as not everyone goes online to purchase their music. There is still a small portion of people who go to music stores to purchase albums and singles, rather than online. Music stores do try to widen their market by introducing products to sell in their stores that are related to the music industry such as headphones and speakers. However, they are still affected by the economy which leads them to widen across all media products by selling DVDs, TV series sets and games. For example, HMV has recently struggled with the effect of online distribution with more and more customers buying or viewing music online then purchasing CDs in store. This led to their stores closing and converting to an online store to keep up with the changing technology.

The consumption of music would be how consumers listen and purchase the artists music. With digital distribution, artists can attract more of an audience, which leads to more variety in consumers who purchase and view their music. Digital distribution also means that consumers no longer have to go out and buy actual physical DVD's, which saves the manufacturing side of music distribution. iTunes is an example of a digital distribution application which makes music accessible on several devices e.g iPhones and iPods. This means that large corporations such as Apple can be conglomerate to achieve maximum profit across all commercial interests. However, digital distribution also makes it easier for consumers to pirate an artists music. It also leads to music being leaked which makes it harder for artists to successfully market their music as people have already heard the music. There is a large market for digital consumption, however some believe that for only a downloadable content, online music can considered too high as there is no physical copy of the CD. 

In conclusion, digital distribution has had a huge affect on the marketing and consumption of media productions within the music industry. Without digital distribution the chances of piracy and leaked music will be less easy to get hold of. however, without online marketing, independent artists wouldn't have a platform to expose their talents and be discovered.

Thursday 24 April 2014

Prosumers and Mash-Ups

  1. Production - As a producer and consumer, a prosumer would producer their own music which would cut costs. This is particularly helpful for DIY producers who can't spend money on a record label.
  2. Distribution & Marketing - Gets the music out there, with a prosumer, they would get their own music out there for free by using the internet such as YouTube and SoundCloud.
  3. Exchange - Giving free music to consumers and the consumers give back views which gains them more credit and they could get signed to a major label. For example Madeon is a producer and consumer (prosumer) because he listens to songs and turns them into mash-ups. However, he got signed to Sony and now he does mash-ups that includes Sony's music.
  4. Consumption - Consumption is where consumers buy and listen to music. With a prosumer they get the rights to produce the music as their own. When a prosumer works for a record label, they don't have to buy the rights for their songs, they can just use theirs, plus it promotes their songs which improves their record label.
  5. Convergence - Convergence is where multiple technologies are bought together to form a new product. With prosumers, they can use YouTube to share other media in which they are involved in, such as gaming.
  6. Creating Relationship with the Audience - Prosumers such as Beck can create a relationship with the audience, for example, involving them in the process of creating the music.
  7. Cross Promotion/Synergy - Where they use their music for other sources of media. For prosumers, if they are thinking of making any films they could use their music in the film soundtrack or they could promote the music for films and TV shows to make.
  8. Vertical Integration (Musicopoly) - This is when a media company benefits from all aspects of production, distribution and exchange. With prosumers if they would benefit from all three if they used YouTube because they would be producing the music, distributing it by uploading on YouTube and Exchanging the music for views on YouTube.

Monday 31 March 2014

Major Recording Labels

Record labels are responsible for the manufacture, distribution and promotion of a particular recording. The 3 Big Major Record labels are Universal Music Group, Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Major labels account for 70% of music sales worldwide and 85% of music sales in the U.S alone.
  1. Universal Music Group
  2. Sony BMC Music Entertainment
  3. Warner Music Group

Thursday 27 March 2014

Prosumers and Mash-ups

PROSUMER MEDIA
Prosumer was originally formed by combining the two words producer and consumer. This means that the consumers (customers) were determining what they were to buy. We, the customers are responsible for how the music has changed because we have influenced the people who produce the music. For example, most major producers won't sell new music without asking several focus groups beforehand.

MADEON
  • He gained popularity by means of his video "Pop Culture", featuring 39 songs, which was published to YouTube and subsequently received millions of hits in its first few days of broadcast on the Internet.
Who is he? How old when he made this?
Hugo Pierre Leclercq, known by his stage name Madeon, is a French house/electro house/nu-disco/pop producer from France. He was 16 years old when he made "Pop Culture".

What ways is he getting his music out there?
He  has his own website which showcases his latest albums and the different social media sites that he's on. Also YouTube is a main influence on his success because it got his music mash-ups out there.

How is he making his music (idaft)?
He uses a Novation Launchpad and Keyboard which he is seen performing on live in his "Pop Culture" video.

How big is his audience? 
In terms of his YouTube followers, he has 357,266 and an average video can get more than 1 million views.

Who is his audience? (Social Networks, collaborations, fans of what music, prosumers?)
He has different Social Network accounts such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Soundcloud.

Music Exchange

Exchange is the term used in the music industry that has the same concept that exhibition does in the film industry. Exchanging music gets an artists music out there, whether this is done by sharing it online or delivering it to record stores. There are now many ways in which you can buy music. You can go into a store and pay by cash and now you can use your credit/debit card to purchase music online. however again some people choose not to pay for music and therefore steal music via illegal downloading. This makes it harder for artists to make money off their music but it also markets their music because this still gets their music out there.

Monday 24 March 2014

Music Industry ppt


Music Piracy

WHAT IS PIRACY?
  • Music piracy is a way of people being able to get music online for free illegal. It is now easier for people to download music for free illegally, so more people are doing it.
  • This means that the artists are losing money to these illegal downloads.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJc53KhtrUo

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF PIRACY?
  • Music piracy is killing sales growth and profits for the music industry. 
  • It is estimated that they lose $4.2 billion to piracy worldwide each year.
  • The more people can get music for free, the less they will bother to buy, so they take from the music industry without putting any money back in.
  • For artists, this means that they have to focus even more on touring and selling merchandise as it is hard for them to make money from the sale of their music.
  • It is also harder for smaller artists to get signed as many labels don't want to take on the risk of signing a small act with an uncertain audience.
  • In the UK market alone, the record industry lost £180m last year, and will lose more than £1bn by the end of 2013.

Wednesday 19 March 2014

Music Interview with a parent



MUSIC INTERVIEW  
NATASHA: I'm interviewing you to understand more about the music industry for my AS Media Studies coursework. 

QUESTION 1
You grew up as a teenager in the late 70s, what type of music did they have then? 
 -: There were some Punk rock and Disco but I really only listened to Pop music. 

 QUESTION 2
How interested were you in music then, and what did you listen to? 
 -: I didn't listen to a lot of music back than so I didn't have a lot of interest in music but I did like singers like Donny Osmond, David Essex, Gary Glitter, Bay City Rollers and the Monkeys. 

QUESTION 3
How did you purchase music? And how much did an average album cost? 
-: I couldn't purchase music back then because I couldn't afford it but an album cost about 7 shillings so about 35 pence.  

QUESTION 4
Was there an artist that inspired you back then? 
 -: Barbara Streisand because she has such a powerful voice. 

QUESTION 5
How do you think music has changed over the years? 
-: I think music has become more generic as music producers seem to just make music for the money. 

QUESTION 6
Do you have any favourite artists at the moment? 
-: Michael Bublé, Pixie Lott, Westlife, and Olly Murs.

Monday 17 March 2014

Music Industry Interview

No 1 Christmas Song 2009

Rock band Rage Against the Machine have won the most competitive battle in years for the Christmas number one.

The band's single, Killing In The Name, sold 500,000 downloads beating X Factor winner Joe McElderry's The Climb by 50,000 copies to clinch the top spot.

Their success followed a Facebook campaign designed to prevent another X Factor number one.

One retailer said it was a "truly remarkable outcome - possibly the greatest chart upset ever".

Speaking on the Radio 1 chart show, Zack de la Rocha from Rage said: "We are very, very ecstatic about being number one." He added it was an "incredible organic grassroots campaign". "It says more about the spontaneous action taken by young people throughout the UK to topple this very sterile pop monopoly," he said.

McElderry, 18, praised the campaign, adding: "It's been exciting to be part of a much-hyped battle and they definitely deserve congratulations."

Thanking all the fans who bought his single, he said: "This time last year I never thought for one minute that I'd win The X Factor, never mind about having a debut single out, so I'm just delighted to be in the charts.

"It's been such an incredible couple of months and I got the best Christmas gift I could ever have asked for in winning The X Factor."

Domino Recording Company

Founded in London, the recording company relied on a weekly £40 grant when they first started. The label introduced a new-style of singer-songwriter recording that became known as Lo-Fi. Which meant that the artists could record at home in their own environment, free for inspiration. The label was proud of their british nationalism when Britpop  was introduced. All their acts had a distinct identity, no two acts had the same voice.

'Demise of the Music Industry' article

  • Illegal downloads affect the music industry
  • They don't make as much money.
  • Rely on whats trending rather than whats good.
  • Sales of singles are soaring because consumers can buy singles without having to but the album.
  • Some offer free music for exchange of emails, this promotes the music because they then tell their friends of the music.
  • People however pay huge money to see their favourite artist perform live.
  • There is money in gigs.

Music Labels

Monday 10 March 2014

Music Interview Questions

How do you purchase music, if at all?
NATASHA: I can't remember a time when I ever purchased music online, usually I convert music from YouTube so that I can have music for free.

LIAM: I never really bought any music online, I feel it takes the tradition out of it. There really is nothing like holding a new album or box set in your hands, which is why when I can I do buy all albums, especially bonus sets. 

What's your favourite artist at the moment?
N: I don't really have a favourite artist at the moment but at the moment Im listening to artists in the past.

L: My all time favourite artist will always be Muse. However right now I'm starting to get into Alestorm or Ensiferum. 

Do you listen to music for free, and how?
N:Yes I do, by either going on SoundCloud or YouTube.

L:Yes sometimes, when I'm at home and bored and don't physically have the album, I will put an album on that has been made into a playlist on YouTube.

Why do you listen to music for free?
N: Because it's easy and accessible.

L: If it's there someone got to use it.

How do you find out about new music?
N: I usually find out about new music on Vevo's Music Channel on YouTube.

L: I prefer to look at the record companies' website. Insideout Music is my favourite record company. however, I do have some other influences from my friends, the media and radio.

How has technology helped to share music?
N: Technology has helped artists share their music cost effectively.

L: Well now technology has made music much more easily accessible. Now you can get any song from any artist ever, for free. It takes the heart out of it really.

Do you have a music collection?
N: I don't really have a music collection of CD's but I have a collection of songs on my phone.

L: Sadly, I have a very small collection as far as music is concerned. I have a few box sets from Ayreon and 'The 2nd Law' album by Muse. I have some other albums around but it's nowhere near as much as I would like. 

Do you have an artist that you can relate to?
N: Most of the songs I listen to are about romantic relationships and I never had one so no.

L: Not really, no.

Tuesday 4 March 2014

Universal Music

Universal Music Group (UMG) is the global music leader with strong market positions in recorded music, music publishing, and merchandising.

The recorded music business discovers and develops recording artists and then markets and promotes their music across a wide array of formats and platforms.  UMG's music publishing company, Universal Music Publishing Group, discovers and develops songwriters, and owns and administers copyrights to musical compositions for use in recordings, public performances, and related uses, such as films and advertisements. Bravado, UMG’s merchandising company, sells artist and music branded products via multiple sales points including online, fashion retail, and live performances.

Their HUGE list of artists include:

Monday 3 March 2014

Independent Music Label (Step 7)

DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE RESEARCH:-

DOES THE INDEPENDENT LABEL HAVE A PAYPAL ACCOUNT FOR DIGITAL DOWNLOADS? HOW MUCH PER DOWNLOAD?
There has been no direct link to a PayPal account for the website, however they do other people the chance to buy downloads from Amazon in a link from their website. They also share links to download music on iTunes as well. Here's a screenshot showing an artist's album from Glassnote Records that also shows the price per song and album download.

DOES iTUNES STOCK TRACKS FROM YOUR LABEL?
Yes they do, they offer an option to download their artists songs that they promote:

IN WHAT WAYS HAS YOUR INDEPENDENT RECORD LABEL EMBRACED NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGY?
Glassnote Records has embraced new media technology by using social media as a promotion strategy. They display the different media sites that Glassnote Records are involved with.

HOW COULD IT IMPROVE IT'S WEB PRESENCE?
Glassnote Records would improve its web presence by featuring earlier on when you search independent label in Google because this will boost how many people view their website and artists. 

Independent Music Label (Step 6)

PRODUCTION RESEARCH:

DOES YOUR LABEL PRODUCE PHYSICAL CDs OR VINYL?
Yes they advertise CDs for sale to buy on popular websites like Amazon. They also sell Vinyls on popular music websites such as Insound.

DOES YOUR INDEPENDANT LABEL OWN THEIR OWN RECORDING STUDIO?
It is not known for definite whether they own their own recording studio as I couldn't find any information about it online, however they most likely do because of their famous artists such as Mumford & Sons.

DOES THE LABEL PRODUCE ANY MERCHANDISE?
It's not known whether they produce any merchandise but the artists are quite established so they would have some merchandise made to promote their artists.

MARKETING RESEARCH:

WHAT TECHNIQUES DOES THE INDEPENDANT LABEL USE TO PROMOTE THEIR ARTISTS?
Glassnote Records use social media as their main choice of marketing.

DOES THE LABEL USE MYSPACE? DOES THE LABEL PAY FOR A WEB SITE FOR THE ARTISTS?
Yes they do, they display it on their website:

DOES THE INDEPENDANT LABEL HAVE A YOUTUBE ACCOUNT? IF SO WHAT IS FEATURED (MUSIC VIDEOS, INTERVIEWS, ETC)?
Yes they do and music videos and interviews features on it:

WHAT PRESS, TV COVERAGE CAN YOU FIND ABOUT THE HANDS SIGNED TO THE LABEL?
They show different coverage such as live radio shows that are broadcasted and also on popular Music shows such as MTV and BBC Radio LiveLounge.

DOES THE LABEL ORGANISE GIGS TO PROMOTE THE BAND? IF SO WHERE?
Yes they do, they have organised gigs for promotions and for money, for example, many of their bands have attended the popular Glastonbury Festival.

Independent Music Label (Step 5)

STEP 5: DOES YOUR INDEPENDENT LABEL SUPPLY ARTISTS FOR MUSIC FESTIVALS? IF SO WHICH ONES?

Yes they do. They've supplied artists for Glastonbury, Rock the Bells, Ultra Music Fest, SXSW, Bonnaroo 2014, Sasquatch, Brooklyn Bowl etc.

OWNERSHIP RESEARCH:

WHO OWNS THE INDEPENDENT LABEL?
Daniel Glass - President/Founder

WHERE IS THE LABEL BASED?
New York but they have other Recording Studios in Los Angeles, London and Toronto

HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE EMPLOYED BY THE LABEL?
27 important roles over the 4 studios

DOES THE LABEL HAVE MARKETING, LABEL, CREATIVE, PRODUCTION DEPARTMENTS?
YES: International Marketing (UK), Head of Creative Marketing, General Manager/ Chief Financial Officer, Head of Publicity, Label Manager, Head of Publishing etc.

IS THE LABEL ATTACHED TO A FAMOUS CLUB (E.G. FABRIC, MINISTRY OF SOUND)?
They recently signed with UMG to distribute their products.

CAN YOU SUPPLY MUSIC FOR THE LABEL TO CONSIDER (A&R)?
Yes their website reads:
"Please do not send MP3s to any of our email addresses. Any email containing an mp3 will not be considered a valid A&R submission. Instead, direct all submissions to demos@glassnotemusic.com or simply mail us a press kit via snail mail".

Independent Music Label (Step 4)

STEP 4: CHOOSE A COUPLE ARTISTS THAT ARE SIGNED TO YOUR INDEPENDENT LABEL
MUMFORD & SONS                   PHOENIX

PLAYS ON LAST FM - 
MUMFORD & SONS: 1,392,782
PHOENIX1,694,499

WHAT SIMILAR ARTISTS DOES LAST FM RECOMMEND?
MUMFORD & SONS: The Lumineers, Of Monsters And Men etc.
PHOENIX: Vampire Weekend, The Strokes etc.

WHERE WOULD YOU PLACE THEM ON YOUR LAST FM LONG TAIL?
In terms of popularity, I've hadn't heard of the band Phoenix before yet I had heard of  the band Mumford and Sons before because I watched their videos on VEVO music channel. However the 

THEIR DOWNLOADS ON ITUNES?
MUMFORD & SONS: 
PHOENIX

WHAT SIMILAR ARTISTS DOES ITUNES RECOMMEND?
MUMFORD & SONS: Ben Howard, Jake Bugg etc.
PHOENIX: Cassius, Daft Punk etc.

WHERE WOULD YOU PLACE THEM ON YOUR ITUNES LONG TAIL?

Independent Music Label (Step 1 & Step 2)

STEP 1: GLASSNOTE RECORDS
STEP 2: RESEARCH QUESTIONS

WHO ARE THEY?
Glassnote Records is an independent record label founded by Daniel Glass in 2007. The Label has a line-up of Indie Rock and Alternative Rock artists; distributed through Sony Music's RED Distribution.

WHAT ARTISTS DOES THE LABEL PROMOTE?
Within six years the company has become a vital part of the entertainment industry. Glassnote Records is proud home of Grammy-Award winning artists such as:
  • Phoenix
  • Justin Nozuka
  • The Temper Trap
  • Mumford & Sons
  • Two Door Cinema Club, Kele (of Bloc Party)
  • Royal Bangs and GIVERS
  • Panama Wedding
ARE THE ARTISTS WELL KNOWN?

Glassnote Records act Mumford & Son won album of the year award for 'Babel', selling over 600,000 copies in the first 10 months. They also had four artists in the top 10 of the Billboard Heat-Seekers Album Chart.

HOW DOES THE LABEL BENEFIT FROM NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGY?
MARKETING
The label promotes their artists through gigs, tours, magazines (photoshoots) and music programmes on TV such as MTV. They're to promote their artists better through social media.


DISTRIBUTION
Apart from distributing CD's and playing the music on the radio, Glassnote Records stream the music on SoundCloud, Spotify,  and YouTube to make it easier for the artists to be heard.

EXCHANGE
Exchanging in the music industry is where people are able to compare and sure music. This helps with market research for an artist as people can discuss their thoughts.

DOES YOUR LABEL FEATURE ON THE RADIO ONE PLAYLIST?
Yes an artist called 'Childish Gambino' is from Glassnote Records and he's on the Radio One Playlist. His biography on there reads:

"Donald McKinley Glover (born September 25, 1983), also known by his stage name Childish Gambino, is an American actor, writer, comedian, and rapper. He first came to attention for his work with Derrick Comedy and subsequently became a writer for the NBC comedy series 30 Rock. He is perhaps best known for his role as college student Troy Barnes on the NBC series Community, as well as for his rising careers as a stand-up comedian and rapper.

In 2011, Glover signed to Glassnote Records, where he releases music under his Childish Gambino moniker. After several self-released albums and mixtapes, he released Camp, his first album for the label, on November 15, 2011. His second studio album, Because the Internet, was released on December 10, 2013".

WHAT RADIO STATIONS PLAY MUSIC FROM YOUR LABEL?
PopCrush, Applauze, Alt/Indie On VEVO, Last.fm, BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2, MTV, NPR, BBC Radio 1Xtra, Google Play Music, Livestream, WNYC Radio's Soundcheck, PBS, Billboard, SiriusXM Radio etc.

WHAT TV STATIONS (IF ANY) SUPPORT MUSIC FROM YOUR LABEL?
MTV and PBS.

WHAT WE SITES LIVE STREAM MUSIC FROM YOUR LABEL?
SoundCloud, Billboard, Google Play Music, Spotify, BBC1 LiveLounge etc.

SYCO Music

Syco Entertainment, often known simply as Syco, is a global joint venture between Simon Cowell and Sony Music Entertainment focused on the production and marketing of music, television, film and digital content. It employs a staff of more than 50 in offices in London and Los Angeles and manages a string of high-profile television and music brands through partnerships with Sony Music labels and TV production partners, most notably FremantleMedia. Cowell and Sony Music Entertainment each own 50% of the business. Charles Garland, the former chief operator of Simon Fuller's 19 Entertainment is Global CEO, responsible for the day-to-day operations of the company. Retail billionaire Sir Philip Green, a close friend of Cowell, serves as an advisor to the company. Karren Brady, television personality and vice-chairman of West Ham United F.C., also serves as an advisor to the company.

Sony Music

Sony Music Entertainment is a global recorded music company of both local artists and international superstars. The company boasts some of the most important recordings in history. It is home to premier record labels representing music from every genre, including Arista Nashville, Beach Street/Reunion Records, Bystorm Entertainment, Columbia Nashville, Columbia Records, Day 1, Epic Records, Essential Records, Kemosabe Records, Legacy Recordings, MASTERWORKS, Polo Grounds, RCA Inspiration, RCA Nashville, RCA Records, Sony Classical, Sony Music Latin, Star Time International, Syco Music, Vested in Culture and Volcano. Sony Music Entertainment all owned by the Sony Corporation of America.

About The Brits

It all started in 1977 when the first Brit Awards took place, in honour of The Queen's Silver Jubilee and to celebrate music from the last 25 years.

Boy band Fine Young Cannibals stirred controversy when they returned their awards for Best British Group and Best British Album in 1990. The double winners were reacting in protest to Margaret Thatcher's appearance via video, when she announced that her favourite pop song was How Much Is That Doggy In The Window?

The BRIT School in Croydon has an outstanding alumni of Brit Award nominees and winners including Adele, Jessie J, Amy Winehouse, Leona Lewis, Rizzle Kicks, Kate Nash and The Kooks. Jointly funded by The BRIT Trust and The Department for Children, School and Families, it is the only non-fee paying performing arts school in the UK.

Robbie Williams has received the most nominations and wins in the Brits' history, 30 and 17 respectively. The Candy singer won 13 awards solo and four with Take That, and gained 23 nominations solo and seven with the band.

The 2000 awards go down in history for not only being the awards when Robbie Williams challenged Liam Gallagher to a live boxing match, with the winner getting £100,000, but also for Brandon Block drunkenly taking the stage to collect an award his friends had told him he won. He squared up to Ronnie Wood, who was presenting an award, they traded insults, and Ronnie threw a drink in Brandon's face before being escorted away by bouncers.

Russell Brand's controversial turn at hosting the awards in 2007 led to ITV receiving hundreds of complaints after he made jokes about the "friendly-fire" death of a British soldier in Iraq and The Queen's "naughty bits."

More Terminology


Music Industry Teminology

KEY TERMINOLOGY

Convergence Coming together of multimedia digital technologies allowing audio, video, graphics, games and animation (eg iphone) or its the coming together of institutions (eg EMI bought up by Sony & Universal)

Synergy

The coming together of two media texts to benefit them both eg: a film and its soundtrack will be released

Conglomerate
An international company with a wide and varied range of commercial interests

Globalisation

The growing tendency of industrial and commercial companies to merge and operate on an international rather than regional basis

Vertical Integration
The takeover of companies operating at different stages of the production/distribution/exchange - in musicopoly this let you operate 50% more efficiently

Horizontal Integration
The merger of competing companies from the same line of business (ie if itunes & Spotify merged) and involved at the same level of activity

Major Record Label

They are the 'Big Three' music companies which are Sony/BMG, Universal and Warner Brothers

Subsidiary Label

A company controlled by a holding or parent company (ie Syco & Sony)

Independent Label

Not connected to a major company (ie XL or Ninja Tune)

Niche Audience
A targeting of a small but significant group of consumers with a media product directed specifically at their interests

Mainstream Audience
The uncontroversial, generally accepted attitudes, beliefs and values of the majority population

Fans
Someone who has a strong interest and belief in the band or artist

Prosumers

Audience as active participantants in the process of both PROducing and conSUMING of media texts

Consumption

Buying/downloading/streaming/filesharing music, paying for live convert tickets etc

Web 2.0 
The second phase of the internet, where the focus shifts from people receiving information and services to people creating and sharing material (music 2.0 is related to this)

Download
The practise of selecting and receiving digital information from an online source on a computer, as opposed to sending it by upload

Streaming
A method of relaying data over a computer network as a steady continuous stream, allowing playback to proceed while subsequent data is being received

Peer to Peer
The sharing of media material between two parties in an equal relationship

Piracy

Distribution of media material that infringes copyright law

Portability / Miniaturisation
The quality of being light enough to be carried (iphone & Djay app anyone?)

Sampling
The technique of digitally encoding music or sound and reusing it as part of a composition or recording - you have done this with your mash ups

Artists and Repertoire (A&R) 
Is the division of a record label that is responsible for talent scouting and overseeing the artistic development of recording artists. It also acts as a liaison between artists and the record label. They use your followers/friends on social media now to make this judgement

Record Deal - Contract - Royalties
A recording deal is a legal agreement between a record label and a recording artist or group, where the artist makes a record or series of records for the label to sell and promote

Distribution
Promoting music and getting it into shops, on the radio and downloaded for payment

Plugging / Marketing
The transmission of information about a media text to a target audience in such a way as to maximise its appeal to that audience